No nie wiem... To co najważniejsze nie jest opisane. Najpierw barwnik indygoidowy trzeba poddać redukcji chemicznej by stał się rozpuszczalny w wodzie i praktycznie bezbarwny. W takim roztworze moczy się tkaninę. Właściwa barwa powstaje gdy nierozpuszczalny barwnik wydzieli się na tkaninie po procesie utleniania. Sztuka polega na na umiejętności stosowania środków redukujących i uleniających.

Właśnie tak myślałem, że naistotniejsze szczegóły mimo wszystko są ukryte. Czyli co w jakiej kolejności robić, jakie składniki, jakie proporcje składników i w jakich warunkach (trmperatura, ciśnienie, ciecz/gaz/ciało stałe). To tak jak z przepisami kulinarnymi. Wystarczy przemilczec jeden szczegół i potrawa ma inny smak. 

Jak zwykle diabeł tkwi w szczegółach.

Moim zdaniem i tak dość dużo powiedział na ten temat, bo nie znalazłem u innych pisarzy antyku aż tylu szczegółów. Pewnie albo widział sam proces, albo przepisywał od kogoś, kto ten proces opisał i pominął to, czego jako laik nie rozumiał.

Wcale nie są ukryte, ale pośrednikom do niczego są niepotrzebne.

To tak jak z lampami, tranzystorami ...

Chyba technologia doszła do ściany: minimalnej liczby atomów na jeden tranzystor.

Ja napisałem o tym co widziałem, znam .

Półwieku temu zaglądałem poza promień Schwarzschilda.

Było mniej ciemnej materii i energii.

Niestety.

P.S.

Wystarczy wyjść na ulicę.

Do wyboru: Dreszera, Morskie Oko, Łazienki ...

W dziedzinie wybór ma granice.

Własności bursztynu i jego zastosowanie lecznicze prawdopodobnie uniemożliwiało jeszcze jego dodatkowe wykorzystanie w celach pirotechnicznych. Mozliwe były cele rytualne, ale dostępność kadzideł na wschodzie raczej preferowała lokalne żywice. 

https://www.amber.org.pl/en/wlasciwosci

kosmetyki, puder, kadzidło, panaceum

https://thenaturalamber.com/beadsclasps/2640-amber-powder-amber-sand-hygiene-products-and-rituals.html

http://www.ambergallery.lt/en/amber-in-medicine/

" Prussian duke Albrecht decided to follow the recipe of a Roman physician and sent a piece of amber to Luther as a remedy for stone disease."

dłuższy artykuł z Uniwersytetu w Rydze

https://dspace.rsu.lv/jspui/bitstream/123456789/42/1/amhr.2016.X.208-234.pdf

"Amber, a Stone of Sun for Ancient Medicines"

https://www.etsy.com/pl/listing/830112729/amber-dust-baltic-natural-amber-powder

https://balticambermasters.com.au/blog/health-benefits-of-wearing-amber/

https://www.amberheart.eu/baltic-amber-benefits/

https://amberhammam.com/en/succinite-unusual-baltic-amber/

metabolizm

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8348738/

"Amber Extract Reduces Lipid Content in Mature 3T3-L1 Adipocytes by Activating the Lipolysis Pathway"

cukrzyca

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/17/5/586

Amber (Succinite) Extract Enhances Glucose Uptake through the Up-Regulation of ATP and Down-Regulation of ROS in Mouse C2C12 Cells

https://www.balticsportscience.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1179&context=journal

Innovative technologies in using Baltic amber for wellness "

Anna Mikhaylova

https://www.jstor.org/stable/43211331

BALTIC AMBER IN THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST: A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION

Joan Markley Todd

Journal of Baltic Studies

https://www.antwiki.org/wiki/Baltic_Amber

https://www.arabnews.com/node/2308286/offbeat

'Ancient amber beads found in Iraq suggest Bronze Age trade between Europe and Middle East"

https://www.archaeology.wiki/blog/2023/05/17/bronze-age-long-distance-connections-baltic-amber-in-assur/

Bronze Age long-distance connections: Baltic amber in Aššur

Identified by the use of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

https://www.academia.edu/241848/Amber_in_the_Ancient_Near_East

https://www.worldhistory.org/Amber/

https://bc.com.pl/amber/

https://natural-baltic-amber.com/medical-use-of-amber-in-china/

https://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/amber.htm

The Economic History of Amber

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ojoa.12290

BALTIC AMBER IN HISPANIA DURING LATE ANTIQUITY. CONTACTS, NETWORKS AND EXCHANGE

https://www.litamber.lt/amber-cosmetic-powder.html

neurologia/psychiatria

https://www.mdpi.com/1661-3821/3/2/17

"Behavioral and Biochemical Evaluation of Anti-Depressive and Oxidative Stress-Ameliorating Effects of Amber Extract in Adult Male ICR Mice"

by

Sandra Somuah-Asante

1,

Mahmoud Ben Othman

2,

Reiko Takeda

2,3,

Kazuma Okazaki

3,

Marie Sekita

3 and

Kazuichi Sakamoto

1,2,*

" Amber extract (25 and 50 mg/kg) demonstrated an anti-depressive effect by significantly decreasing the immobility time and adrenocorticotropin-hormone and corticosterone-hormone levels. Moreover, amber extract at a dose of 25 mg/kg increased the levels of dopamine and serotonin. Additionally, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione levels increased, whereas the malondialdehyde content decreased with amber supplementation. These findings confirm that amber may possess an anti-depressive effect and hence can be a useful alternative therapy for preventing and managing depression."

1. Introduction

Mood is a description of an individual’s internal state, which is reflected in the external behavior. Individuals may occasionally feel sad or anxious regarding their lives. However, extreme and persistent feelings of sadness and anxiety may result in mood disorders, particularly depression. Depression or depressive disorders have become a global menace, costing economies huge sums of money and productivity [1]. This includes, though is not limited to, feelings of guilt, irritability, lack of motivation, appetite changes, suicidal thoughts, loss of interest, and sleep changes. These symptoms disrupt daily activities and affect quality of life. Several factors, such as psychological and environmental events, may contribute to the occurrence of depression. The brain plays a crucial role in the development of depressive disorders. It regulates chemical messengers and thus can prevent or manage the progression of depressive disorders. Furthermore, owing to its constant metabolic activity, it is highly susceptible to oxidative damage [2]. Alterations in brain function have been shown to cause mood disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression [2,3,4].

Chronic stress activates the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to release cortisol (in mammals) or corticosteroids (in rodents); their excessive levels may be detrimental to the health of an individual [4]. Moreover, chronic stress increases the accumulation of free radicals in the body. The inability of the body to scavenge these reactive species results in lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, cell death, and eventually several diseases and disorders, including depressive disorders. Thus, oxidative stress markers, such as malondialdehyde (MDA), are crucial in determining the mental health of individuals. Several reports have highlighted the association between depression and oxidative stress [1,5,6]. Oxidative-stress-induced lipid peroxidation products such as MDA are present in depressive disorders [5].

Over the years, researchers have extensively discussed the importance of natural products such as dietary supplements, particularly for stress management. Traditional antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), have been shown to be effective in managing stress and have therefore been the mainstream drugs of choice for treating depressive disorders and other mood disorders. However, compliance with these drugs is a challenge owing to their cost and associated side effects, such as gastrointestinal upset, sexual dysfunction, dependency, and weight gain. Alternative therapeutic approaches, such as the use of herbal supplements, are as effective as traditional medicines and have fewer side effects, rapid action, and a lower cost [6]. Some well-known herbal products currently reported as effective alternative medicines and traditionally used for stress management include ashwagandha [7,8], Ginkgo biloba [9], and chamomile [10].

Amber, a terpenoid-containing resin from the pine tree, has been reported to possess several biological activities, such as anti-stress [11], anti-Alzheimer’s or neuroprotective [12], anti-inflammatory [13], and lipid-lowering [14] effects. It contains agathic acid, which is known to exert an antibacterial effect [15]. However, there are no reports on its antidepressant effect. We previously demonstrated that amber might exhibit an anti-stress effect through the regulation of HPA hyperactivity [11]. Thus, we hypothesized that amber possesses an antidepressant effect via the regulation of hormones in the HPA axis and factors contributing to oxidative stress.

Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of amber extract against depression and oxidative-stress damage using a tail suspension test [TST] in Institute of Cancer Research [ICR] mice to induce psychological stress. The body weight of mice before and after stress was determined, in addition to the measurement of the immobility time of tail-suspended mice. Furthermore, the HPA axis activity, depression-related neurotransmitters, and oxidative-stress parameters were investigated.""

długowieczność

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9228897/

" it was observed that AE supplementation improved health span and survival in both normal and stressed worms. Additionally, AE positively regulated stress hormones (cortisol, oxytocin, and dopamine) and decreased fat and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation."

i pokrewny copal

https://www.magicznyogrod.pl/copal.html

https://sparklings.pl/copal/

 zastosowania zdrowotnych i rytualne  copalu

wyszukiwanie amber+explosives nie wyswietla żadnych  linków

smar bursztynowy mógł oznaczać maść bursztynową

Prawie wszystkie choroby są związane ze stresem oksydacyjnym powodowanym przez żelazo pochodzace z rozpadu hemu. Dla uboższych ratunkiem mogły byc krwioupusty.

Ponowne wykorzystanie żelaza do syntezy hemu wymaga albo picia soków z liści ( z kwasem delta aminolewulinowym) albo synteza z glicyny i bursztynianu (z CoA/wit.B5)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heme

Źródła to są ze skarpy za Warszawianką w stronę Królikarnii.

https://conservancy.umn.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/9ba9af1c-e812-4fc7-956f-870d47864204/content

" The presence of abietic acid derivatives in the Baltic amber extracts is promising. Several studies have been done on abietic acids as a class of compounds. Abietic acids are reported to have many different medicinal properties. According to some of these reports, certain abietic acids have proved to have antiinflammatory, potential therapeutic effects in the treatment of asthma, potential anti-obesity effects, wound-healing effects, antibacterial, and anticancer effects.7-10 Abietic acids have a lot of therapeutic potential, and their presence in Baltic amber is promising for the therapeutic potential of Baltic amber."

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8956085/

Published online 2022 Mar 10. doi: 10.3390/molecules27061817

PMCID: PMC8956085

PMID: 35335178

Protective Effect of Amber Extract on Human Dopaminergic Cells against 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Neurotoxicity

Yuening Luo,1 Siqi Zhou,1 Reiko Takeda,1,2 Kazuma Okazaki,2 Marie Sekita,2 and Kazuichi Sakamoto1,*

Ricardo Calhelha, Academic Editor

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disease, after Alzheimer’s disease. In our previous study, we found that amber—a fossilized plant resin—can protect cells from apoptosis by decreasing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, we focused on the effect of amber on 6-hydroxydopamine-induced cell apoptosis in the human neuroblastoma cell line SHSY5Y (one model for PD). Initially, we determined the protective effect of amber on the PD model. We found that amber extract has a protective effect against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced cell apoptosis. The decrease in ROS, cleaved caspase-3, pERK, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) protein levels confirmed that amber extract decreases apoptosis via the ROS-mediated ERK signaling pathway. Furthermore, we determined the effects of amber extract on autophagy. The results showed that amber extract increased the levels of LC3II and Beclin-1, suggesting that amber extract can protect neuronal cells against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced cell apoptosis by promoting autophagy.

Keywords: 6-hydroxydopamine, amber, extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway, autophagy

Go to:

1. Introduction

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disease, after Alzheimer’s disease, and is characterized by movement disorders such as resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability [1]. The prevalence of PD increases with age, affecting approximately 1% of the population aged over 60 years, and 2–4% of the population aged over 80 years [2,3]. Similar to many other neurological disorders, the cause of PD is still not completely understood. The death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, striatal dopamine depletion, and the presence of α-synuclein aggregates are the neuropathological hallmarks of PD [4,5]. Mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress have also been reported to be associated with PD [6,7,8]. Recently, α-synuclein aggregation has been identified as a therapeutic target for PD [5]. A previous study reported that α-synuclein has two types of degradation pathways: proteasomal and autophagic proteolysis [9,10]. Unlike unfolded proteins, aggregated proteins are usually resistant to unfolding, and their degradation is highly dependent on autophagy [11]. The autophagy enhancer rapamycin has been shown to have a protective effect on PD-related dopaminergic neurodegeneration [10]. According to a previous study, autophagy, which eliminates aggregated α-synuclein, may represent a potential neuroprotective strategy in PD [9,12].

6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) is commonly used to develop in vitro models of PD [13]. The structure of 6-OHDA is similar to that of dopamine, and it can easily oxidize into hydrogen peroxide and para-quinone [14]; it can enter neuronal cells and generate intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), ultimately causing neuronal cell death [15].

Amber is a type of fossilized plant resin that is commonly used as jewelry and in decorative objects. In China, amber has been used as a medicine for more than a thousand years to enhance mental stability, stop bleeding, aid in wound healing, and act as a diuretic. The medicinal effects of amber had already been mentioned in the book Lei’s Treatise on the Preparation of Medicinal Substances (Lei Gong Pao Zhi Lun) around the 5th century CE. In Russia, amber is commonly used in folk medicine [16]. In recent years, the effects of amber on allergy [17], anti-inflammation [18], suppression of melanin production, promotion of collagen production [19], and reduction in fat accumulation [20] have been identified. A previous study by our group found that amber extract has a protective effect against amyloid-β-induced neuronal cell death [21]. In this study, we aimed to investigate the protective effects of amber extracts against 6-OHDA-induced neuronal cell apoptosis."

https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=neiREAAAQBAJ&pg=GBS.PA2&hl=en_US

" Piotr M. Barczak is the author of several works on amber, including the brochure: “Baltic Amber. Elixir of Immortality. Succinite Solution for Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. Scientific Study” and “Amber. Elixir of Immortality: Health Properties of Compounds with Pharmacological Action”

Powszechnie wówczas używano arszeniku do produkcji pudrów, więc toksycznością ołowiu pewnie mało kto się przejmował.

Tu raczej chodziło o jakieś reakcje, które w miedzianym czy spiżowym kotle nie zachodziły.

Bursztynem interesowano się znacznie wcześniej, przed epoką żelaza. Znajdowano go w grobowcach datowanych na 30 tys lat, czyli co najmniej na 20 tysięcy lat przed Potopem.

Wykorzystanie lecznicze bursztynu w przypadkach rozpadu krwi mogło więc być wyłącznie późniejsze (ok 2000 pne), gdy wprawdzie jeszcze epoki żelaza nie mamy, ale mamy poświadczone w dokumentach asyryjskich żelazne sztylety (jako symbol władzy), znamy taki sztylet z grobowca Tutenhammona oraz mamy pierwsze osady na wyspie Disko obok Grenlandii, gdzie znajduje się żelazo rodzime.

Toksycznością to się nikt nie przejmował. Wiele dróg wiedzie do celu. Związki Sb/As były (pisano tu) używane do kosmetyków.

(Karty Charakterystki Materiału) w piątej kolumnie układu okresowego na górze jest azot, fosfor, arsen i antymon.

N i P podstawowe składniki życia. As jest trochę niżej, ale wg Karty łatwo się podmienia w białkach.

O kosmetyce i antymonie to pół wieku temu, można było przeczytać w Księdze Pierwiastków.

"można było przeczytać w Księdze Pierwiastków". Tak, mam tą księgę w którymś z pudeł. Książki są bardzo wygodne. Wybieram stronę w spisie treści, i mam. Nic nie wyskakuje, nie ma reklam.

Kiedyś moją ulubioną książką usypiającą było "Proizwodstwo bumagi i kartona". Jeszcze jakiiś przedwojenny podręcznik fizyki sławnego autora Piekary.

"Wykorzystanie lecznicze bursztynu w przypadkach rozpadu krwi mogło więc być wyłącznie późniejsze (ok 2000 pne), gdy wprawdzie jeszcze epoki żelaza nie mamy, ale mamy poświadczone w dokumentach asyryjskich żelazne sztylety (jako symbol władzy), znamy taki sztylet z grobowca Tutenhammona oraz mamy pierwsze osady na wyspie Disko obok Grenlandii, gdzie znajduje się żelazo rodzime."

Zastanawiam się właśnie czy bursztyn nie był wykorzystywany przy produkcji żelaznej broni/narzędzi.